From 03b3ddac73b95094181fd3211f74eb7446cdb073 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Freywar Ulvnaudgari <freywar.ulvnaudgari@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Jun 2026 21:20:14 +0300
Subject: [PATCH] Add subprocesses and convert terminal to an app

---
 .gdbinit                                      |   4 +-
 build.sh                                      |   3 +-
 meson.build                                   |  91 ++++++++---
 src/kernel/app/cat.c                          |  30 ----
 src/kernel/app/cat.h                          |   5 -
 src/kernel/app/ls.c                           |  34 -----
 src/kernel/app/ls.h                           |   5 -
 src/kernel/app/terminal.h                     |   5 -
 src/kernel/kernel.c                           |  43 ++++--
 src/kernel/keyboard.c                         |   7 +-
 src/kernel/memory.c                           |   2 +-
 src/kernel/path.c                             |  43 +++++-
 src/kernel/path.h                             |   6 +-
 src/kernel/process.asm                        |  50 ++++++
 src/kernel/process.c                          |  53 +++----
 src/kernel/process.h                          |  20 +--
 src/kernel/stream.h                           |   4 +-
 src/kernel/syscall.asm                        |  18 ++-
 src/kernel/syscall.c                          | 143 +++++++++++++++---
 src/kernel/syscall.h                          |   6 +-
 src/kernel/vga.c                              |   8 +-
 src/lib/layout.h                              |   2 +-
 src/user/app/echo/echo.c                      |  13 ++
 src/user/app/hello/hello.c                    |   6 -
 .../app => user/app/terminal}/terminal.c      |  96 ++++++------
 src/user/start.asm                            |   2 +
 src/user/syscall.asm                          |  24 +++
 src/user/syscall.h                            |  10 +-
 28 files changed, 488 insertions(+), 245 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/kernel/app/cat.c
 delete mode 100644 src/kernel/app/cat.h
 delete mode 100644 src/kernel/app/ls.c
 delete mode 100644 src/kernel/app/ls.h
 delete mode 100644 src/kernel/app/terminal.h
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/process.asm
 create mode 100644 src/user/app/echo/echo.c
 delete mode 100644 src/user/app/hello/hello.c
 rename src/{kernel/app => user/app/terminal}/terminal.c (67%)

diff --git a/.gdbinit b/.gdbinit
index 0097237..bd66374 100644
--- a/.gdbinit
+++ b/.gdbinit
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 target remote localhost:1234
 set architecture i386:x86-64
 set disassembly-flavor intel
-display/i ($cs * 16 + $rip)
+display/i $rip
+
+break *0x0000000000400000
diff --git a/build.sh b/build.sh
index f855533..8103dce 100755
--- a/build.sh
+++ b/build.sh
@@ -15,4 +15,5 @@ dd if=build/bootloader.bin of=build/os.img bs="${sector_size}" seek=1 count="$((
 mkfs.fat -F 16 --offset "${partition_offset}" build/os.img
 mcopy -i build/os.img@@"$((partition_offset * sector_size))" src ::src
 mcopy -i build/os.img@@"$((partition_offset * sector_size))" build/kernel.bin ::kernel.bin
-mcopy -i build/os.img@@"$((partition_offset * sector_size))" build/hello.bin ::hello.bin
+mcopy -i build/os.img@@"$((partition_offset * sector_size))" build/terminal ::terminal
+mcopy -i build/os.img@@"$((partition_offset * sector_size))" build/echo ::echo
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index a70c0de..ec59149 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -38,7 +38,15 @@ kernel_entry_o = custom_target(
   command: [nasm, '-f', 'elf64', '@INPUT@', '-o', '@OUTPUT@'],
 )
 
-syscall_o = custom_target('syscall',
+process_o = custom_target(
+  'process',
+  input:  'src/kernel/process.asm',
+  output: 'process.o',
+  command: [nasm, '-f', 'elf64', '@INPUT@', '-o', '@OUTPUT@'],
+)
+
+syscall_o = custom_target(
+  'syscall',
   input:  'src/kernel/syscall.asm',
   output: 'syscall.o',
   command: [nasm, '-f', 'elf64', '@INPUT@', '-o', '@OUTPUT@'],
@@ -46,10 +54,12 @@ syscall_o = custom_target('syscall',
 
 cc = meson.get_compiler('c')
 
-kernel_sources = files(
-  'src/kernel/app/cat.c',
-  'src/kernel/app/ls.c',
-  'src/kernel/app/terminal.c',
+lib_sources = files([
+  'src/lib/memory.c',
+  'src/lib/string.c',
+])
+
+kernel_sources = files([
   'src/kernel/ata.c',
   'src/kernel/fat16.c',
   'src/kernel/fs.c',
@@ -65,13 +75,11 @@ kernel_sources = files(
   'src/kernel/syscall.c',
   'src/kernel/tss.c',
   'src/kernel/vga.c',
-  'src/lib/memory.c',
-  'src/lib/string.c',
-)
+])
 
 kernel_elf = executable(
   'kernel.elf',
-  sources: [kernel_entry_o, syscall_o, kernel_sources],
+  sources: [kernel_entry_o, process_o, syscall_o, lib_sources, kernel_sources],
   c_args: [
     '-ffreestanding',
     '-nostdlib',
@@ -99,28 +107,69 @@ custom_target(
   build_by_default: true,
 )
 
-hello_start = custom_target(
-  'hello_start',
+terminal_start = custom_target(
+  'terminal_start',
+  input:  'src/user/start.asm',
+  output: 'terminal_start.o',
+  command: [nasm, '-f', 'elf64', '-o', '@OUTPUT@', '@INPUT@'],
+)
+
+terminal_syscall = custom_target(
+  'terminal_syscall',
+  input:  'src/user/syscall.asm',
+  output: 'terminal_syscall.o',
+  command: [nasm, '-f', 'elf64', '-o', '@OUTPUT@', '@INPUT@'],
+)
+
+terminal_elf = executable(
+  'terminal.elf',
+  sources: [terminal_start, terminal_syscall, lib_sources, 'src/user/app/terminal/terminal.c'],
+  c_args: [
+    '-ffreestanding',
+    '-nostdlib',
+    '-fno-stack-protector',
+    '-mcmodel=large',
+    '-DVERSION="' + meson.project_version() + '"',
+  ],
+  link_args: [
+    '-T', meson.project_source_root() / 'src/user/linker.ld',
+    '-nostdlib',
+  ],
+  link_depends: 'src/user/linker.ld',
+)
+
+custom_target(
+  'terminal',
+  input:  terminal_elf,
+  output: 'terminal',
+  command: ['objcopy', '-O', 'binary', '@INPUT@', '@OUTPUT@'],
+  build_by_default: true,
+)
+
+
+echo_start = custom_target(
+  'echo_start',
   input:  'src/user/start.asm',
-  output: 'hello_start.o',
+  output: 'echo_start.o',
   command: [nasm, '-f', 'elf64', '-o', '@OUTPUT@', '@INPUT@'],
 )
 
-hello_syscall = custom_target(
-  'hello_syscall',
+echo_syscall = custom_target(
+  'echo_syscall',
   input:  'src/user/syscall.asm',
-  output: 'hello_syscall.o',
+  output: 'echo_syscall.o',
   command: [nasm, '-f', 'elf64', '-o', '@OUTPUT@', '@INPUT@'],
 )
 
-hello_elf = executable(
-  'hello.elf',
-  sources: [hello_start, hello_syscall, 'src/user/app/hello/hello.c'],
+echo_elf = executable(
+  'echo.elf',
+  sources: [echo_start, echo_syscall, lib_sources, 'src/user/app/echo/echo.c'],
   c_args: [
     '-ffreestanding',
     '-nostdlib',
     '-fno-stack-protector',
     '-mcmodel=large',
+    '-DVERSION="' + meson.project_version() + '"',
   ],
   link_args: [
     '-T', meson.project_source_root() / 'src/user/linker.ld',
@@ -130,9 +179,9 @@ hello_elf = executable(
 )
 
 custom_target(
-  'hello_bin',
-  input:  hello_elf,
-  output: 'hello.bin',
+  'echo',
+  input:  echo_elf,
+  output: 'echo',
   command: ['objcopy', '-O', 'binary', '@INPUT@', '@OUTPUT@'],
   build_by_default: true,
 )
diff --git a/src/kernel/app/cat.c b/src/kernel/app/cat.c
deleted file mode 100644
index ee7ffaa..0000000
--- a/src/kernel/app/cat.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#include "src/kernel/app/cat.h"
-#include "src/kernel/fs.h"
-#include "src/kernel/path.h"
-#include "src/lib/memory.h"
-
-void cat(process_t *proc, uint8_t argc, char **argv) {
-  if (argc != 2) {
-    WRITE_S("cat: requires a single path\n");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  path_t *path = path_open(proc->root, proc->cwd, argv[1]);
-  if (!path) {
-    WRITE_S("cat: invalid path\n");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  fs_node_t *curr = path->depth ? path->stack[path->depth - 1] : proc->root;
-  if (curr->is_dir) {
-    WRITE_S("cat: can not print a directory\n");
-    path_close(path);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  char *content = memory_allocate(curr->size + 1);
-  fs_read(curr, 0, curr->size, content);
-  proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, content, curr->size);
-  memory_free(content);
-  path_close(path);
-}
diff --git a/src/kernel/app/cat.h b/src/kernel/app/cat.h
deleted file mode 100644
index aa044da..0000000
--- a/src/kernel/app/cat.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "src/kernel/process.h"
-
-void cat(process_t *proc, uint8_t argc, char **argv);
diff --git a/src/kernel/app/ls.c b/src/kernel/app/ls.c
deleted file mode 100644
index c6c0a3f..0000000
--- a/src/kernel/app/ls.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-#include "src/kernel/app/ls.h"
-#include "src/kernel/fs.h"
-#include "src/kernel/path.h"
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-void ls(process_t *proc, uint8_t argc, char **argv) {
-  if (argc > 2) {
-    WRITE_S("ls: requires a single path\n");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  path_t *path = path_open(proc->root, proc->cwd, argc == 1 ? "." : argv[1]);
-  if (!path) {
-    WRITE_S("ls: invalid path\n");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  fs_node_t *curr = path->depth ? path->stack[path->depth - 1] : proc->root;
-  if (!curr->is_dir) {
-    WRITE_S("ls: can not list a file\n");
-    path_close(path);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  uint8_t j = 0;
-  fs_node_t *item = fs_open_at(curr, j++);
-  while (item) {
-    WRITE_D(item->name);
-    WRITE_S("\n");
-    fs_close(item);
-    item = fs_open_at(curr, j++);
-  }
-  path_close(path);
-}
diff --git a/src/kernel/app/ls.h b/src/kernel/app/ls.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 913b859..0000000
--- a/src/kernel/app/ls.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "src/kernel/process.h"
-
-void ls(process_t *proc, uint8_t argc, char **argv);
diff --git a/src/kernel/app/terminal.h b/src/kernel/app/terminal.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 20019a6..0000000
--- a/src/kernel/app/terminal.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "src/kernel/process.h"
-
-void terminal(process_t *proc, uint8_t argc, char **argv);
diff --git a/src/kernel/kernel.c b/src/kernel/kernel.c
index 41b3b16..c0eb497 100644
--- a/src/kernel/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel/kernel.c
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@
 #include "src/kernel/pic.h"
 #include "src/kernel/process.h"
 #include "src/kernel/syscall.h"
+#include "src/kernel/tss.h"
 #include "src/kernel/util.h"
 #include "src/kernel/vga.h"
+#include "src/lib/layout.h"
 #include "src/lib/memory.h"
 
 __attribute__((interrupt)) void isr_divide_by_zero(__attribute__((unused)) struct interrupt_frame *frame) {
@@ -47,30 +49,39 @@ void kernel_main() {
   gdt_init();
   syscall_init();
 
-  process_t *kp = memory_allocate(sizeof(process_t));
-  kp->root = fs_mount();
-  kp->cwd = memory_allocate(sizeof(path_t));
-  kp->stdin = keyboard_init();
-  kp->stdout = vga_init();
+  process_t *kernel = memory_allocate(sizeof(process_t));
+  kernel->pml4 = (void *)KERNEL_VIRTUAL_PML4;
+  kernel->root = fs_mount();
+  kernel->cwd = memory_allocate(sizeof(path_t));
+  kernel->stdin = keyboard_init();
+  kernel->stdout = vga_init();
 
-  fs_node_t *hello = fs_open_by(kp->root, "HELLO.BIN");
+  fs_node_t *bin = fs_open_by(kernel->root, "terminal");
 
-  ASSERT(hello, "kernel: hello.bin not found");
+  ASSERT(bin, "kernel: terminal not found");
 
-  uint8_t *hello_code = memory_allocate(hello->size);
-  fs_read(hello, 0, hello->size, hello_code);
+  uint8_t *code = memory_allocate(bin->size);
+  fs_read(bin, 0, bin->size, code);
 
-  process_t *proc = process_create(kp, hello_code, hello->size);
+  process_t *terminal = process_create(kernel, code, bin->size);
 
-  memory_free(hello_code);
-  fs_close(hello);
+  memory_free(code);
+  fs_close(bin);
 
-  process_run(proc);
+  __asm__ volatile("mov %0, %%cr3" : : "r"((uint64_t)VIRT_TO_PHYS((void *)KERNEL_VIRTUAL_PML4)) : "memory");
 
-  while (1)
-    ;
+  uint8_t *stack = (uint8_t *)terminal->user_stack;
+
+  stack -= sizeof(uint64_t);
+  *(uint64_t *)stack = 0;
+
+  terminal->user_rsp = (void *)(USER_VIRTUAL_STACK_TOP - ((uint64_t)terminal->user_stack - (uint64_t)stack));
+
+  current_process = terminal;
+  tss.rsp0 = (uint64_t)current_process->kernel_stack;
+  process_switch_to(&kernel->kernel_rsp, terminal->kernel_rsp, VIRT_TO_PHYS(terminal->pml4));
 
-  fs_unmount(kp->root);
+  fs_unmount((fs_node_t *)kernel->root);
 
   outw(0x604, 0x2000); // TODO: parse ACPI tables for real hardware
   __asm__ volatile("cli; hlt");
diff --git a/src/kernel/keyboard.c b/src/kernel/keyboard.c
index 60e807d..e0aa7bc 100644
--- a/src/kernel/keyboard.c
+++ b/src/kernel/keyboard.c
@@ -50,11 +50,12 @@ static void append_sequence(const char *s) {
   }
 }
 
-static void stream_write(__attribute__((unused)) stream_t *self, __attribute__((unused)) const char *from,
-                         __attribute__((unused)) uint64_t size) {
+static uint64_t stream_write(__attribute__((unused)) const stream_t *self, __attribute__((unused)) const char *from,
+                             __attribute__((unused)) uint64_t bytes) {
+  return 0;
 }
 
-static uint64_t stream_read(__attribute__((unused)) stream_t *self, uint64_t max, char *to) {
+static uint64_t stream_read(__attribute__((unused)) const stream_t *self, uint64_t max, char *to) {
   if (max == 0 || buffer_length == 0) {
     return 0;
   }
diff --git a/src/kernel/memory.c b/src/kernel/memory.c
index 28e2e87..ec67321 100644
--- a/src/kernel/memory.c
+++ b/src/kernel/memory.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ static uint64_t allocation[PAGE_COUNT / MAP_UNIT] = {
 };
 
 static uint8_t get_allocated(uint16_t page) {
-  return !!allocation[page / MAP_UNIT] & ((uint64_t)1 << (page % MAP_UNIT));
+  return !!(allocation[page / MAP_UNIT] & ((uint64_t)1 << (page % MAP_UNIT)));
 }
 
 static void set_allocated(uint16_t page, uint8_t allocated) {
diff --git a/src/kernel/path.c b/src/kernel/path.c
index 41ccfd5..93a29aa 100644
--- a/src/kernel/path.c
+++ b/src/kernel/path.c
@@ -4,11 +4,15 @@
 #include "src/lib/string.h"
 #include "src/lib/util.h"
 
-path_t *path_open(const fs_node_t *root, const path_t *source, char *path) {
+path_t *path_open(const fs_node_t *root, const path_t *source, const char *path) {
+  uint64_t length = string_length(path);
+  char *path_own = memory_allocate(length + 1);
+  memory_copy(path, length + 1, path_own);
+
   path_t *result = memory_allocate(sizeof(path_t));
 
   char *path_components[PATH_DEPTH];
-  uint8_t path_length = (uint8_t)string_split(path, '/', PATH_DEPTH, path_components);
+  uint8_t path_length = (uint8_t)string_split(path_own, '/', PATH_DEPTH, path_components);
   if (!string_empty(path_components[0])) {
     for (uint8_t i = 0; i < source->depth; i++) {
       result->stack[result->depth++] = fs_open_again(source->stack[i]);
@@ -27,6 +31,7 @@ path_t *path_open(const fs_node_t *root, const path_t *source, char *path) {
       fs_node_t *next = prev->is_dir ? fs_open_by(prev, path_components[i]) : NUL;
       if (!next || result->depth >= PATH_DEPTH) {
         path_close(result);
+        memory_free(path_own);
         return NUL;
       } else {
         result->stack[result->depth++] = next;
@@ -34,9 +39,43 @@ path_t *path_open(const fs_node_t *root, const path_t *source, char *path) {
     }
   }
 
+  memory_free(path_own);
+
   return result;
 }
 
+fs_node_t *path_open_file(const fs_node_t *root, const path_t *source, const char *path) {
+  path_t *p = path_open(root, source, path);
+  if (!p) {
+    return NUL;
+  }
+  if (!p->depth || p->stack[p->depth - 1]->is_dir) {
+    path_close(p);
+    return NUL;
+  }
+  fs_node_t *n = fs_open_again(p->stack[p->depth - 1]);
+  path_close(p);
+  return n;
+}
+
+fs_node_t *path_open_directory(const fs_node_t *root, const path_t *source, const char *path) {
+  path_t *p = path_open(root, source, path);
+  if (!p) {
+    return NUL;
+  }
+  if (!p->depth) {
+    path_close(p);
+    return (fs_node_t *)root;
+  }
+  if (!p->stack[p->depth - 1]->is_dir) {
+    path_close(p);
+    return NUL;
+  }
+  fs_node_t *n = fs_open_again(p->stack[p->depth - 1]);
+  path_close(p);
+  return n;
+}
+
 void path_close(path_t *path) {
   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < path->depth; i++) {
     fs_close(path->stack[i]);
diff --git a/src/kernel/path.h b/src/kernel/path.h
index 9d09df6..35023fa 100644
--- a/src/kernel/path.h
+++ b/src/kernel/path.h
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ typedef struct {
   uint8_t depth;
 } path_t;
 
-path_t *path_open(const fs_node_t *root, const path_t *source, char *path);
+path_t *path_open(const fs_node_t *root, const path_t *source, const char *path);
+
+fs_node_t *path_open_file(const fs_node_t *root, const path_t *source, const char *path);
+
+fs_node_t *path_open_directory(const fs_node_t *root, const path_t *source, const char *path);
 
 void path_close(path_t *path);
diff --git a/src/kernel/process.asm b/src/kernel/process.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0644da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/process.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+bits 64
+
+global process_trampoline
+process_trampoline:
+    extern current_process
+    mov rax, [current_process]
+    mov rdx, [rax + 40] ; current_process->user_rsp
+
+    ; Keep in sync with `gdt.h` and `layout.h`
+    mov rax, 0x0000000000400000
+    mov rbx, 0x2B
+    mov rcx, 0x202
+    mov rsi, 0x23
+
+    push rsi
+    push rdx
+    push rcx
+    push rbx
+    push rax
+    iretq
+
+global process_switch_to
+; process_switch_to(uint64_t *save_rsp, uint64_t new_rsp, uint64_t new_pml4_phys)
+process_switch_to:
+    ; save callee-saved registers of the OUTGOING process
+    push rbp
+    push rbx
+    push r12
+    push r13
+    push r14
+    push r15
+
+    ; save current rsp into *save_rsp (rdi)
+    mov [rdi], rsp
+
+    ; switch address space
+    mov cr3, rdx          ; rdx = new_pml4_phys (3rd arg)
+
+    ; switch to incoming process's stack
+    mov rsp, rsi          ; rsi = new_rsp (2nd arg)
+
+    ; restore callee-saved registers of the INCOMING process
+    pop r15
+    pop r14
+    pop r13
+    pop r12
+    pop rbx
+    pop rbp
+
+    ret
diff --git a/src/kernel/process.c b/src/kernel/process.c
index bf9b923..9b05f68 100644
--- a/src/kernel/process.c
+++ b/src/kernel/process.c
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #include "src/kernel/process.h"
-#include "src/kernel/gdt.h"
 #include "src/kernel/memory.h"
 #include "src/kernel/panic.h"
 #include "src/kernel/path.h"
-#include "src/kernel/tss.h"
 #include "src/lib/layout.h"
 #include "src/lib/memory.h"
 
@@ -14,18 +12,33 @@ process_t *process_create(const process_t *parent, const uint8_t *code, uint64_t
 
   process_t *proc = memory_allocate(sizeof(process_t));
 
+  proc->parent = parent;
+
   proc->kernel_stack = (uint8_t *)memory_allocate(PAGE_SIZE) + PAGE_SIZE;
 
+  uint64_t *kstackv = (uint64_t *)((uint8_t *)proc->kernel_stack);
+  *(--kstackv) = (uint64_t)process_trampoline; // "return address" for switch_to's ret
+  *(--kstackv) = 0;                            // r15
+  *(--kstackv) = 0;                            // r14
+  *(--kstackv) = 0;                            // r13
+  *(--kstackv) = 0;                            // r12
+  *(--kstackv) = 0;                            // rbx
+  *(--kstackv) = 0;                            // rbp
+  proc->kernel_rsp = kstackv;
+
   proc->pml4 = PHYS_TO_VIRT(memory_page_allocate());
   memory_set(0, PAGE_SIZE / 2, proc->pml4);
   memory_copy((uint64_t *)KERNEL_VIRTUAL_PML4 + 256, PAGE_SIZE / 2, proc->pml4 + 256);
 
-  memory_page_map(proc->pml4, (void *)USER_VIRTUAL_STACK, memory_page_allocate(), PAGE_PRESENT | PAGE_WRITABLE | PAGE_USER);
+  void *ustackp = memory_page_allocate();
+  proc->user_stack = PHYS_TO_VIRT((uint64_t)ustackp + PAGE_SIZE);
+  memory_page_map(proc->pml4, (void *)USER_VIRTUAL_STACK, ustackp, PAGE_PRESENT | PAGE_WRITABLE | PAGE_USER);
 
   for (uint64_t page = 0; size > 0; page++) {
     void *p = memory_page_allocate();
     uint64_t s = size < PAGE_SIZE ? size : PAGE_SIZE;
-    memory_page_map(proc->pml4, (void *)(USER_VIRTUAL_CODE + page * PAGE_SIZE), p, PAGE_PRESENT | PAGE_USER);
+    memory_page_map(proc->pml4, (void *)(USER_VIRTUAL_CODE + page * PAGE_SIZE), p,
+                    PAGE_PRESENT | PAGE_WRITABLE | PAGE_USER); // TODO Restrict writeability of code.
     memory_copy(code, s, PHYS_TO_VIRT(p));
     code += s;
     size -= s;
@@ -36,12 +49,13 @@ process_t *process_create(const process_t *parent, const uint8_t *code, uint64_t
                     PAGE_PRESENT | PAGE_WRITABLE | PAGE_USER);
   }
 
-  proc->cwd = memory_allocate(sizeof(path_t));
-  proc->cwd->depth = parent->cwd->depth;
+  path_t *cwd = memory_allocate(sizeof(path_t));
+  cwd->depth = parent->cwd->depth;
   for (uint8_t i = 0; i < parent->cwd->depth; i++) {
-    proc->cwd->stack[i] = fs_open_again(parent->cwd->stack[i]);
+    cwd->stack[i] = fs_open_again(parent->cwd->stack[i]);
   }
 
+  proc->cwd = cwd;
   proc->root = parent->root;
   proc->stdin = parent->stdin;
   proc->stdout = parent->stdout;
@@ -49,26 +63,8 @@ process_t *process_create(const process_t *parent, const uint8_t *code, uint64_t
   return proc;
 }
 
-void process_run(process_t *proc) {
-  current_process = proc;
-  tss.rsp0 = (uint64_t)proc->kernel_stack;
-
-  __asm__ volatile("mov %0, %%cr3" : : "r"(VIRT_TO_PHYS(proc->pml4)) : "memory");
-
-  __asm__ volatile("push %0\n" // ss
-                   "push %1\n" // rsp
-                   "push %2\n" // rflags
-                   "push %3\n" // cs
-                   "push %4\n" // rip
-                   "iretq"
-                   :
-                   : "r"((uint64_t)USER_DS), "r"(USER_VIRTUAL_STACK + PAGE_SIZE), "r"((uint64_t)USER_RFLAGS), "r"((uint64_t)USER_CS),
-                     "r"(USER_VIRTUAL_CODE)
-                   : "memory");
-}
-
 void process_destroy(process_t *proc) {
-  path_close(proc->cwd);
+  path_close((path_t *)proc->cwd);
 
   for (uint16_t pml4i = 0; pml4i < 256; pml4i++) {
     if (!(proc->pml4[pml4i] & PAGE_PRESENT)) {
@@ -97,6 +93,7 @@ void process_destroy(process_t *proc) {
           if (!(pt[pti] & PAGE_PRESENT)) {
             continue;
           }
+
           memory_page_free((void *)(pt[pti] & ~(uint64_t)0xFFF));
         }
         memory_page_free((void *)(pd[pdi] & ~(uint64_t)0xFFF));
@@ -106,9 +103,9 @@ void process_destroy(process_t *proc) {
     memory_page_free((void *)(proc->pml4[pml4i] & ~(uint64_t)0xFFF));
   }
 
-  memory_page_free((void *)VIRT_TO_PHYS(proc->pml4));
+  memory_page_free(VIRT_TO_PHYS(proc->pml4));
 
-  memory_free(proc->kernel_stack);
+  memory_free(proc->kernel_stack - PAGE_SIZE);
 
   memory_free(proc);
 }
diff --git a/src/kernel/process.h b/src/kernel/process.h
index 53b230a..78468bd 100644
--- a/src/kernel/process.h
+++ b/src/kernel/process.h
@@ -3,28 +3,30 @@
 #include "src/kernel/fs.h"
 #include "src/kernel/path.h"
 #include "src/kernel/stream.h"
-#include "src/lib/string.h"
 
 #define USER_RFLAGS 0x202
 
 typedef struct process {
+  const struct process *parent;
   uint64_t *pml4;
   void *kernel_stack;
-  fs_node_t *root;
-  path_t *cwd;
-  stream_t *stdin;
-  stream_t *stdout;
+  void *kernel_rsp;
+  void *user_stack;
+  void *user_rsp;
+  const fs_node_t *root;
+  const path_t *cwd;
+  const stream_t *stdin;
+  const stream_t *stdout;
 } process_t;
 
 typedef void (*app_t)(process_t *proc, uint8_t argc, char **argv);
 
 extern process_t *current_process;
 
+extern void process_trampoline();
+
 process_t *process_create(const process_t *parent, const uint8_t *code, uint64_t size);
 
-void process_run(process_t *proc);
+extern void process_switch_to(void **save_rsp, void *new_rsp, void *new_pml4_phys);
 
 void process_destroy(process_t *proc);
-
-#define WRITE_S(s) proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, s, sizeof(s) - 1);
-#define WRITE_D(s) proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, s, string_length(s));
diff --git a/src/kernel/stream.h b/src/kernel/stream.h
index a2967c7..7efd353 100644
--- a/src/kernel/stream.h
+++ b/src/kernel/stream.h
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@
 
 typedef struct stream stream_t;
 
-typedef void (*stream_write_t)(stream_t *self, const char *from, uint64_t size);
-typedef uint64_t (*stream_read_t)(stream_t *self, uint64_t max, char *to);
+typedef uint64_t (*stream_write_t)(const stream_t *self, const char *from, uint64_t bytes);
+typedef uint64_t (*stream_read_t)(const stream_t *self, uint64_t max, char *to);
 
 typedef struct stream {
   stream_write_t write;
diff --git a/src/kernel/syscall.asm b/src/kernel/syscall.asm
index 4a54ab9..df629b1 100644
--- a/src/kernel/syscall.asm
+++ b/src/kernel/syscall.asm
@@ -2,13 +2,23 @@ bits 64
 
 extern tss
 extern syscall_dispatch
+extern current_process
 
 global syscall_entry
 
 syscall_entry:
-    mov [user_rsp_tmp], rsp
+    mov [rel user_rsp_tmp], rsp
+
     mov rsp, [tss + 4]
 
+    push rax
+    push rcx
+    mov rax, [rel current_process]
+    mov rcx, [rel user_rsp_tmp]
+    mov [rax + 40], rcx ; current_process->user_rsp
+    pop rcx
+    pop rax
+
     push rcx
     push r11
     push rbp
@@ -33,6 +43,12 @@ syscall_entry:
     pop r11
     pop rcx
 
+    push rax
+    mov rax, [rel current_process]
+    mov rax, [rax + 40]  ; current_process->user_rsp
+    mov [rel user_rsp_tmp], rax
+    pop rax
+
     mov rsp, [rel user_rsp_tmp]
     o64 sysret
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/syscall.c b/src/kernel/syscall.c
index 8db6521..1057e03 100644
--- a/src/kernel/syscall.c
+++ b/src/kernel/syscall.c
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 #include "src/kernel/syscall.h"
+#include "src/kernel/fs.h"
 #include "src/kernel/gdt.h"
+#include "src/kernel/path.h"
 #include "src/kernel/process.h"
+#include "src/kernel/tss.h"
 #include "src/lib/layout.h"
-#include "src/lib/util.h"
+#include "src/lib/memory.h"
+#include "src/lib/string.h"
 
 #define MSR_EFER 0xC0000080
 #define MSR_STAR 0xC0000081
@@ -28,34 +32,139 @@ void syscall_init() {
   wrmsr(MSR_FMASK, 0x200);
 }
 
-static void write(uint64_t fd, uint64_t data, uint64_t bytes) {
+static uint64_t read(uint64_t fd, uint64_t max, char *to) {
   (void)fd;
-  current_process->stdout->write(current_process->stdout, (const char *)data, bytes);
+  return current_process->stdin->read(current_process->stdin, max, to);
 }
 
-static void exit() {
-  __asm__ volatile("mov %0, %%cr3" : : "r"(KERNEL_VIRTUAL_PML4) : "memory");
+static uint64_t write(uint64_t fd, const char *from, uint64_t bytes) {
+  (void)fd;
+  return current_process->stdout->write(current_process->stdout, from, bytes);
+}
+
+static uint64_t getcwd(uint64_t max, char *to) {
+  if (max == 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (max == 1) {
+    to[0] = '\0';
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (max == 2 || !current_process->cwd->depth) {
+    to[0] = '/';
+    to[1] = '\0';
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t i = 0;
+  for (uint8_t j = 0; j < current_process->cwd->depth; j++) {
+    uint64_t l = string_length(current_process->cwd->stack[j]->name);
+    if (i + l + 1 > max) {
+      break;
+    }
+    to[i++] = '/';
+    memory_copy(current_process->cwd->stack[j]->name, l, to + i);
+    i += l;
+  }
+
+  to[i] = '\0';
+  return i;
+}
+
+static uint64_t chdir(const char *path) {
+  path_t *cwd = path_open(current_process->root, current_process->cwd, path);
+  if (!cwd) {
+    return (uint64_t)-1;
+  }
+  if (!cwd->depth || !cwd->stack[cwd->depth - 1]->is_dir) {
+    path_close(cwd);
+    return (uint64_t)-1;
+  }
+
+  path_close((path_t *)current_process->cwd);
+  current_process->cwd = cwd;
+  return current_process->cwd->depth;
+}
 
-  process_destroy(current_process);
-  current_process = NUL;
+static uint64_t spawn(const char *path, uint64_t argc, const char **argv) {
+  fs_node_t *node = path_open_file(current_process->root, current_process->cwd, path);
+  if (!node) {
+    return (uint64_t)-1;
+  }
+  uint8_t *code = memory_allocate(node->size);
+  fs_read(node, 0, node->size, code);
+
+  uint64_t size = 0;
+  uint64_t sizes[16];
+  uint64_t offsets[16];
+  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+    offsets[i] = size;
+    size += (sizes[i] = string_length(argv[i]) + 1);
+  }
+  char *blob = memory_allocate(size);
+  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+    memory_copy(argv[i], sizes[i], blob + offsets[i]);
+  }
+
+  process_t *child = process_create(current_process, code, node->size);
+
+  memory_free(code);
+  fs_close(node);
+
+  __asm__ volatile("mov %0, %%cr3" : : "r"((uint64_t)VIRT_TO_PHYS((void *)KERNEL_VIRTUAL_PML4)) : "memory");
+
+  uint8_t *stack = (uint8_t *)child->user_stack;
+
+  stack -= size;
+  memory_copy(blob, size, stack);
+  memory_free(blob);
 
-  while (1)
-    ;
+  stack = (uint8_t *)((uint64_t)stack & ~7ULL);
 
-  // shutdown for now
-  // outw(0x604, 0x2000);
-  // __asm__ volatile("cli; hlt");
+  stack -= argc * sizeof(char *);
+  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+    ((char **)stack)[i] = (char *)(USER_VIRTUAL_STACK_TOP - size + offsets[i]);
+  }
+  stack -= sizeof(uint64_t);
+  *(uint64_t *)stack = argc;
+
+  child->user_rsp = (void *)(USER_VIRTUAL_STACK_TOP - ((uint64_t)child->user_stack - (uint64_t)stack));
+
+  process_t *parent = current_process;
+  current_process = child;
+  tss.rsp0 = (uint64_t)child->kernel_stack;
+
+  process_switch_to(&parent->kernel_rsp, child->kernel_rsp, VIRT_TO_PHYS(child->pml4));
+
+  tss.rsp0 = (uint64_t)parent->kernel_stack;
+  current_process = parent;
+  process_destroy(child);
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void exit() {
+  process_switch_to(&current_process->kernel_rsp, current_process->parent->kernel_rsp, VIRT_TO_PHYS(current_process->parent->pml4));
 }
 
-void syscall_dispatch(uint64_t func, uint64_t arg1, uint64_t arg2, uint64_t arg3) {
+uint64_t syscall_dispatch(uint64_t func, uint64_t arg1, uint64_t arg2, uint64_t arg3) {
   switch (func) {
+  case SYSCALL_READ:
+    return read(arg1, arg2, (char *)arg3);
   case SYSCALL_WRITE:
-    write(arg1, arg2, arg3);
-    break;
+    return write(arg1, (const char *)arg2, arg3);
+  case SYSCALL_GETCWD:
+    return getcwd(arg1, (char *)arg2);
+  case SYSCALL_CHDIR:
+    return chdir((const char *)arg1);
+  case SYSCALL_SPAWN:
+    return spawn((const char *)arg1, arg2, (const char **)arg3);
   case SYSCALL_EXIT:
     exit();
-    break;
+    return 0;
   default:
-    break;
+    return (uint64_t)-1;
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/kernel/syscall.h b/src/kernel/syscall.h
index b4d26e6..a98214d 100644
--- a/src/kernel/syscall.h
+++ b/src/kernel/syscall.h
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+#define SYSCALL_READ 0
 #define SYSCALL_WRITE 1
+#define SYSCALL_GETCWD 2
+#define SYSCALL_CHDIR 3
+#define SYSCALL_SPAWN 4
 #define SYSCALL_EXIT 60
 
 void syscall_init();
 
-void syscall_dispatch(uint64_t func, uint64_t arg1, uint64_t arg2, uint64_t arg3);
+uint64_t syscall_dispatch(uint64_t func, uint64_t arg1, uint64_t arg2, uint64_t arg3);
diff --git a/src/kernel/vga.c b/src/kernel/vga.c
index 011c095..fbc97cd 100644
--- a/src/kernel/vga.c
+++ b/src/kernel/vga.c
@@ -142,13 +142,15 @@ static void on_char_received(char c) {
   }
 }
 
-static void stream_write(__attribute__((unused)) stream_t *self, const char *from, uint64_t size) {
-  while (size--) {
+static uint64_t stream_write(__attribute__((unused)) const stream_t *self, const char *from, uint64_t bytes) {
+  uint64_t left = bytes;
+  while (left--) {
     on_char_received(*from++);
   }
+  return bytes;
 }
 
-static uint64_t stream_read(__attribute__((unused)) stream_t *self, __attribute__((unused)) uint64_t max,
+static uint64_t stream_read(__attribute__((unused)) const stream_t *self, __attribute__((unused)) uint64_t max,
                             __attribute__((unused)) char *to) {
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/layout.h b/src/lib/layout.h
index d545bba..0f8b2c5 100644
--- a/src/lib/layout.h
+++ b/src/lib/layout.h
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 #define KERNEL_VIRTUAL_BASE 0xFFFFFFFF80000000ULL
 #define PHYS_TO_VIRT(phys) ((void *)((uint64_t)(phys) + KERNEL_VIRTUAL_BASE))
-#define VIRT_TO_PHYS(virt) ((uint64_t)(virt) - KERNEL_VIRTUAL_BASE)
+#define VIRT_TO_PHYS(virt) ((void *)((uint64_t)(virt) - KERNEL_VIRTUAL_BASE))
 
 #define KERNEL_VIRTUAL_PML4 (KERNEL_VIRTUAL_BASE + 0x10000)
 #define KERNEL_VIRTUAL_CODE (KERNEL_VIRTUAL_PML4 + 0x10000)
diff --git a/src/user/app/echo/echo.c b/src/user/app/echo/echo.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4be8332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/app/echo/echo.c
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include "src/lib/string.h"
+#include "src/user/syscall.h"
+
+int main(uint64_t argc, const char **argv) {
+  for (uint64_t i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+    if (i > 1) {
+      write(1, " ", 1);
+    }
+    write(1, argv[i], string_length(argv[i]));
+  }
+  write(1, "\n", 1);
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/user/app/hello/hello.c b/src/user/app/hello/hello.c
deleted file mode 100644
index eb0e00d..0000000
--- a/src/user/app/hello/hello.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#include "src/user/syscall.h"
-
-int main() {
-  write(1, "Hello from C!\n", 14);
-  return 0;
-}
diff --git a/src/kernel/app/terminal.c b/src/user/app/terminal/terminal.c
similarity index 67%
rename from src/kernel/app/terminal.c
rename to src/user/app/terminal/terminal.c
index a11c606..13c9e58 100644
--- a/src/kernel/app/terminal.c
+++ b/src/user/app/terminal/terminal.c
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-#include "src/kernel/app/terminal.h"
-#include "src/kernel/app/cat.h"
-#include "src/kernel/app/ls.h"
-#include "src/kernel/fs.h"
-#include "src/kernel/path.h"
-#include "src/kernel/process.h"
 #include "src/lib/memory.h"
 #include "src/lib/string.h"
-#include "src/lib/util.h"
+#include "src/user/syscall.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
-static void help(process_t *proc, uint8_t argc, char **argv);
-static void cd(process_t *proc, uint8_t argc, char **argv);
+static void help(uint8_t argc, char **argv);
+static void cd(uint8_t argc, char **argv);
+
+#define WRITE_S(s) write(1, s, sizeof(s) - 1);
+#define WRITE_D(s) write(1, s, string_length(s));
 
 #define PROMPT_LENGTH 255
 
@@ -20,54 +18,50 @@ static char prompt[PROMPT_LENGTH + 1];
 static uint8_t prompt_length = 0;
 static uint8_t prompt_offset = 0;
 
-process_t *proc;
-
-static uint8_t active = 1;
+typedef void (*app_t)(uint8_t argc, char **argv);
 
 typedef struct {
   const char *name;
   app_t app;
 } app_entry_t;
 
-static app_entry_t apps[] = {
+static app_entry_t builtins[] = {
     {"help", help},
     {"cd", cd},
-    {"ls", ls},
-    {"cat", cat},
 };
 
-static void help(process_t *proc, uint8_t argc, __attribute__((unused)) char **argv) {
-  if (argc > 1) {
-    WRITE_S("help: accepts no arguments\n");
+static void help(uint8_t argc, __attribute__((unused)) char **argv) {
+  if (argc) {
+    WRITE_S("help: expects no arguments");
+    return;
   }
 
   WRITE_S("Available commands:\n");
-  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < sizeof(apps) / sizeof(app_entry_t); i++) {
-    WRITE_D(apps[i].name);
+  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < sizeof(builtins) / sizeof(app_entry_t); i++) {
+    WRITE_D(builtins[i].name);
     WRITE_S("\n");
   }
 }
 
-static void cd(process_t *proc, uint8_t argc, char **argv) {
+static void cd(uint8_t argc, char **argv) {
   if (argc != 2) {
     WRITE_S("cd: requires a single path\n");
     return;
   }
 
-  path_t *new = path_open(proc->root, proc->cwd, argv[1]);
-  if (!new) {
+  if (chdir(argv[1]) == (uint64_t)-1) {
     WRITE_S("cd: path does not exist\n");
-    return;
   }
-
-  path_close(proc->cwd);
-  proc->cwd = new;
 }
 
 static void print_prompt() {
-  WRITE_S("[");
-  fs_node_t *curr = proc->cwd->depth ? proc->cwd->stack[proc->cwd->depth - 1] : proc->root;
-  WRITE_D(curr->name);
+  char path[PROMPT_LENGTH];
+  uint8_t pl = getcwd(PROMPT_LENGTH, path);
+  char *components[16];
+  uint8_t cl = string_split(path, '/', 16, components);
+
+  WRITE_S("[")
+  WRITE_D(pl == 1 ? "/" : components[cl - 1]);
   WRITE_S("]$ ");
 }
 
@@ -76,7 +70,7 @@ static void on_home_pressed() {
     return;
   }
 
-  proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, bs, prompt_offset);
+  write(1, bs, prompt_offset);
   prompt_offset = 0;
 }
 
@@ -85,7 +79,7 @@ static void on_left_pressed() {
     return;
   }
 
-  proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, bs, 1);
+  write(1, bs, 1);
   prompt_offset--;
 }
 
@@ -94,7 +88,7 @@ static void on_right_pressed() {
     return;
   }
 
-  proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, prompt + prompt_offset, 1);
+  write(1, prompt + prompt_offset, 1);
   prompt_offset++;
 }
 
@@ -103,7 +97,7 @@ static void on_end_pressed() {
     return;
   }
 
-  proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, prompt + prompt_offset, prompt_length - prompt_offset);
+  write(1, prompt + prompt_offset, prompt_length - prompt_offset);
   prompt_offset = prompt_length;
 }
 
@@ -116,14 +110,16 @@ static void on_enter_pressed() {
   WRITE_S("\n");
 
   uint8_t i;
-  for (i = 0; i < sizeof(apps) / sizeof(app_entry_t); i++) {
-    if (string_equal(argv[0], apps[i].name)) {
-      apps[i].app(proc, argc, argv);
+  for (i = 0; i < sizeof(builtins) / sizeof(app_entry_t); i++) {
+    if (string_equal(argv[0], builtins[i].name)) {
+      builtins[i].app(argc, argv);
       break;
     }
   }
-  if (i == sizeof(apps) / sizeof(app_entry_t)) {
-    WRITE_S("Unknown command\n");
+  if (i == sizeof(builtins) / sizeof(app_entry_t)) {
+    if (spawn(argv[0], argc, (const char **)argv) == (uint64_t)-1){
+      WRITE_S("terminal: program not found\n");
+    }
   }
   prompt_length = prompt_offset = 0;
   print_prompt();
@@ -137,7 +133,7 @@ static void on_cancel_pressed() {
 
 static void on_disconnect_pressed() {
   WRITE_S("^D\n");
-  active = 0;
+  exit();
 }
 
 static void on_ctrl_character_pressed(char c) {
@@ -150,9 +146,9 @@ static void on_ctrl_character_pressed(char c) {
 
 static void redraw_from_cursor() {
   uint64_t tail = prompt_length - prompt_offset;
-  proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, prompt + prompt_offset, tail);
-  proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, ws, 1);        // erase the character past the end
-  proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, bs, tail + 1); // move back to cursor position
+  write(1, prompt + prompt_offset, tail);
+  write(1, ws, 1);        // erase the character past the end
+  write(1, bs, tail + 1); // move back to cursor position
 }
 
 static void on_character_pressed(char c) {
@@ -166,7 +162,7 @@ static void on_character_pressed(char c) {
   prompt_length++;
   prompt_offset++;
 
-  proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, &c, 1); // emit the character itself
+  write(1, &c, 1); // emit the character itself
   redraw_from_cursor();
 }
 
@@ -180,7 +176,7 @@ static void on_backspace_pressed() {
   prompt_offset--;
   prompt_length--;
 
-  proc->stdout->write(proc->stdout, bs, 1);
+  write(1, bs, 1);
   redraw_from_cursor();
 }
 
@@ -262,22 +258,20 @@ static void on_char_received(char c) {
   }
 }
 
-void terminal(process_t *p, __attribute__((unused)) uint8_t argc, __attribute__((unused)) char **argv) {
+int main() {
   memory_set('\b', PROMPT_LENGTH, (char *)bs);
   memory_set(' ', PROMPT_LENGTH, (char *)ws);
 
-  proc = p;
-
   WRITE_D("Welcome to FreywarOS v" VERSION "!\n\n");
 
   print_prompt();
 
-  while (active) {
+  while (1) {
     char c;
-    if (proc->stdin->read(proc->stdin, 1, &c)) {
+    if (read(0, 1, &c)) {
       on_char_received(c);
     }
   }
 
-  proc = NUL;
+  return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/user/start.asm b/src/user/start.asm
index 08b6c02..654c742 100644
--- a/src/user/start.asm
+++ b/src/user/start.asm
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ extern main
 
 global _start
 _start:
+    pop rdi
+    mov rsi, rsp
     call main
     mov rdi, rax ; return value
     mov rax, 60  ; exit syscall
diff --git a/src/user/syscall.asm b/src/user/syscall.asm
index 872e773..43a63c3 100644
--- a/src/user/syscall.asm
+++ b/src/user/syscall.asm
@@ -1,11 +1,35 @@
 bits 64
 
+global read
+read:
+    mov rax, 0
+    syscall
+    ret
+
 global write
 write:
     mov rax, 1
     syscall
     ret
 
+global getcwd
+getcwd:
+    mov rax, 2
+    syscall
+    ret
+
+global chdir
+chdir:
+    mov rax, 3
+    syscall
+    ret
+
+global spawn
+spawn:
+    mov rax, 4
+    syscall
+    ret
+
 global exit
 exit:
     mov rax, 60
diff --git a/src/user/syscall.h b/src/user/syscall.h
index 081054f..4702d89 100644
--- a/src/user/syscall.h
+++ b/src/user/syscall.h
@@ -2,6 +2,14 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
-void write(int64_t fd, const void *data, uint64_t bytes);
+uint64_t read(int64_t fd, uint64_t max, void *to);
+
+uint64_t write(int64_t fd, const void *from, uint64_t bytes);
+
+uint64_t getcwd(uint64_t max, void *to);
+
+uint64_t chdir(const char *path);
+
+uint64_t spawn(const char *path, uint64_t argc, const char **argv);
 
 void exit();