diff --git a/src/bf.ts b/src/bf.ts
index 76e425c..ef44be5 100644
--- a/src/bf.ts
+++ b/src/bf.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-import { L, _, fromNative as __, cnst, id } from './core';
+import { L, _, fromNative as __, cnst, id, pipe } from './core';
 import { Bool, iif } from './bool';
 import { Num, Zero, ge, ifz, pred, succ } from './num';
 import { x00 } from './byte';
 import { Char, fromChar as _c, dec as cdec, inc as cinc, eq, ifn } from './char';
 import { Pair, first, fst, second, snd, uncurry } from './pair';
-import { List, Nil, cons, head, repeat, set, tail, update } from './list';
+import { List, Nil, cons, head, repeat, set, singleton, tail, update } from './list';
 import { Empty, String, get, len, snoc } from './string';
 
 type Program = Pair<List<Num>, String>;
@@ -19,12 +19,11 @@ const done: L<(s: State) => Bool>
   = uncurry(_(p => cnst(uncurry(_(is => _(cs => ge(head(is))(len(cs)))))(p))));
 
 const command: L<(c: String) => L<(s: State) => Bool>>
-  = _(c => uncurry(_(p => cnst(eq(c)(uncurry(_(is => get(head(is))))(p))))));
+  = _(c => uncurry(_(p => cnst(eq(c)(uncurry(pipe(get)(head))(p))))));
 
 const advance: L<(s: State) => State>
   = first(first(update(succ)(Zero)));
 
-
 const save: L<(s: State) => State>
   = first(first(_(is => cons(head(is))(is))));
 
@@ -41,13 +40,13 @@ const dec: L<(t: State) => State>
   = second(first(_(t => second(update(cdec)(fst(t)))(t))));
 
 const read: L<(s: State) => Char>
-  = _(s => uncurry(get)(fst(snd(s))));
+  = pipe(pipe(uncurry(get))(fst))(snd);
 
 const input: L<(s: State) => State>
   = second(uncurry(_(t => _(io => Pair(second(set(head(fst(io)))(fst(t)))(t))(first(tail)(io))))));
 
 const output: L<(s: State) => State>
-  = second(uncurry(_(t => _(io => Pair(t)(second(_(os => snoc(os)(uncurry(get)(t))))(io))))));
+  = second(uncurry(_(t => pipe(Pair(t))(second(_(os => snoc(os)(uncurry(get)(t))))))));
 
 const next: L<(t: State) => State>
   = second(first(first(succ)));
@@ -65,10 +64,7 @@ const whlnz: L<(t: State) => State>
   = _(s => ifn(read(s))(jump(Zero))(save)(s));
 
 const endwhl: L<(t: State) => State>
-  = _(s => ifn(read(s))(reset(s))(save(restore(s))));
-
-const when: L<(c: String) => L<(f: L<(s: State) => State>) => L<(s:State)=>State>>>
-  = _(c => _(f => _(s => iif(command(c)(s))(f(s))(s))));
+  = _(s => ifn(read(s))(reset)(pipe(save)(restore))(s));
 
 const exec: L<(s: State) => State>
   = _(s => iif<State>(done(s))(s)(exec(advance
@@ -83,4 +79,4 @@ const exec: L<(s: State) => State>
                     (id))))))))(s)))));
 
 export const run: L<(p: String) => L<(i: String) => String>>
-  = _(p => _(i => snd(snd(snd(exec(Pair(Pair(cons(Zero)(Nil))(p))(Pair(Pair(Zero)(repeat(x00)))(Pair(i)(Empty)))))))));
+  = _(p => _(i => snd(snd(snd(exec(Pair(Pair(singleton(Zero))(p))(Pair(Pair(Zero)(repeat(x00)))(Pair(i)(Empty)))))))));
diff --git a/src/bool.ts b/src/bool.ts
index 265cb84..fbb9155 100644
--- a/src/bool.ts
+++ b/src/bool.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { toNative as $$, L, P, _, fromNative as __, id } from './core';
+import { toNative as $$, L, P, _, fromNative as __, id, pipe } from './core';
 import { EQ, GT, LT, Ord } from './ord';
 import { String, fromString as _s } from './string';
 
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ export const eq: L<(l: Bool) => L<(r: Bool) => Bool>>
   = _(l => _(r => l(r)(not(r))));
 
 export const ge: L<(l: Bool) => L<(r: Bool) => Bool>>
-  = _(l => _(r => not(lt(l)(r))));
+  = _(l => pipe(not)(lt(l)));
 
 export const gt: L<(l: Bool) => L<(r: Bool) => Bool>>
-  = _(l => _(r => not(le(l)(r))));
+  = _(l => pipe(not)(le(l)));
 
 export const and: L<(l: Bool) => L<(r: Bool) => Bool>>
   = _(l => not(l)(False));
diff --git a/src/char.ts b/src/char.ts
index a19be8b..173a809 100644
--- a/src/char.ts
+++ b/src/char.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-import { L, _ } from './core';
+import { L, _, pipe } from './core';
 import { toNumber as $n, Byte, fromNumber as _n, x00 } from './byte';
-import { Empty, String, cons, fromString as _s, wrap } from './string';
+import { singleton } from './list';
+import { String, fromString as _s, wrap } from './string';
 
 export type Char = Byte;
 
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ export const Null: Char
 export { inc, dec, ifz as ifn, cmp, lt, le, eq, ge, gt } from './byte';
 
 export const show: L<(c: Char) => String>
-   = _(c => wrap(_s('\''))(cons(c)(Empty)));
+  = _(c => pipe(wrap(_s('\'')))(singleton)(c));
 
 export const fromChar: (c: string) => Char
   = c => _n(c.charCodeAt(0));
diff --git a/src/core.ts b/src/core.ts
index a6730ea..848d371 100644
--- a/src/core.ts
+++ b/src/core.ts
@@ -30,3 +30,7 @@ export const id: L<<T extends P>(v: T) => T>
   = _(v => v);
 export const cnst: L<<T extends P>(v: T) => L<(_: unknown) => T>>
   = _(v => _(_ => v)) as L<<T extends P>(v: T) => L<(_: unknown) => T>>;
+export const pipe: L<<A extends P, B extends P, C extends P>(f: L<(v: B) => C>) => L<(g: L<(v: A) => B>) => L<(v: A) => C>>>
+  = _(<A extends P, B extends P, C extends P>(f: L<(v: B) => C>) =>
+    _((g: L<(v: A) => B>) =>
+      _((v: A) => f(g(v)))));
diff --git a/src/list.ts b/src/list.ts
index 150fcfc..4f32af1 100644
--- a/src/list.ts
+++ b/src/list.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { toNative as $$, L, P, _, fromNative as __, ___, cnst, id, undef } from './core';
+import { toNative as $$, L, P, _, fromNative as __, ___, cnst, id, pipe, undef } from './core';
 import { EQ, GT, LT, Ord, eq as eqc } from './ord';
 import { Bool, False, True, and, iif, or } from './bool';
 import { Num, Zero, succ } from './num';
@@ -23,13 +23,16 @@ export const nul: L<<T extends P>(xs: List<T>) => Bool>
   = _(xs => xs(True)(cnst(cnst(False))));
 
 export const len: L<<T extends P>(xs: List<T>) => Num>
-  = _(xs => xs(Zero)(_(_x => _(xs => succ(len(xs))))));
+  = _(xs => xs(Zero)(cnst(pipe(succ)(len))));
+
+export const singleton: L<<T extends P>(v: T) => List<T>>
+   = _(x => cons(x)(Nil));
 
 export const append: L<<T extends P>(l: List<T>) => L<(r: List<T>) => List<T>>>
   = _(l => _(r => l(r)(_(x => _(xs => cons(x)(append(xs)(r)))))));
 
 export const concat: L<<T extends P>(ls: List<List<T>>) => List<T>>
-  = _(ls => ls(Nil)(_(x => _(xs => append(x)(concat(xs))))));
+  = _(ls => ls(Nil)(_(x => pipe(append(x))(concat))));
 
 export const repeat: L<<T extends P>(x: T) => List<T>>
   = _(x => cons(x)(repeat(x)));
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ export const tail: L<<T extends P>(xs: List<T>) => List<T>>
 export const foldl: L<<T extends P, R extends P>(f: L<(a: R) => L<(x: T) => R>>) => L<(z: R) => L<(xs: List<T>) => R>>>
   = _(<T extends P, R extends P>(f: L<(a: R) => L<(x: T) => R>>) =>
     _((z: R) =>
-      _((xs: List<T>) => xs(z)(_(x => foldl(f)(f(z)(x)))))));
+      _((xs: List<T>) => xs(z)(pipe(foldl(f))(f(z))))));
 
 export const foldlz: L<<T extends P>(f: L<(a: T) => L<(x: T) => T>>) => L<(xs: List<T>) => T>>
   = _(<T extends P>(f: L<(a: T) => L<(x: T) => T>>) => _((xs: List<T>) => xs(undef)(foldl(f))));
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ export const foldlz: L<<T extends P>(f: L<(a: T) => L<(x: T) => T>>) => L<(xs: L
 export const foldr: L<<T extends P, R extends P>(f: L<(x: T) => L<(a: R) => R>>) => L<(z: R) => L<(xs: List<T>) => R>>>
   = _(<T extends P, R extends P>(f: L<(x: T) => L<(a: R) => R>>) =>
     _((z: R) =>
-      _((xs: List<T>) => xs(z)(_(x => _(xs => f(x)(foldr(f)(z)(xs))))))));
+      _((xs: List<T>) => xs(z)(_(x => pipe(f(x))(foldr(f)(z)))))));
 
 export const foldrz: L<<T extends P>(f: L<(x: T) => L<(a: T) => T>>) => L<(xs: List<T>) => T>>
   = undef;
@@ -102,19 +105,19 @@ export const gt: L<<T extends P>(ecmp: L<(l: T) => L <(r: T) => Ord>>) => L<(l:
 
 export const map: L<<T extends P, R extends P>(f: L<(x: T) => R>) => L<(xs: List<T>) => List<R>>>
   = _(<T extends P, R extends P>(f: L<(x: T) => R>) =>
-    _((xs: List<T>) => xs(Nil)(_(x => _(xs => cons(f(x))(map(f)(xs)))))));
+    _((xs: List<T>) => xs(Nil)(_(x => pipe(cons(f(x)))(map(f))))));
 
 export const filter: L<<T extends P>(f: L<(x: T) => Bool>) => L<(xs: List<T>) => List<T>>>
   = _(<T extends P>(f: L<(x: T) => Bool>) =>
-    _((xs: List<T>) => xs(Nil)(_(x => _(xs => iif(f(x))(cons(x))(id)(filter(f)(xs)))))));
+    _((xs: List<T>) => xs(Nil)(_(x => pipe(iif(f(x))(cons(x))(id))(filter(f))))));
 
 export const any: L<<T extends P>(f: L<(x: T) => Bool>) => L<(xs: List<T>) => Bool>>
   = _(<T extends P>(f: L<(x: T) => Bool>) =>
-    _((xs: List<T>) => xs(False)(_(x => _(xs => or(f(x))(any(f)(xs)))))));
+    _((xs: List<T>) => xs(False)(_(x => pipe(or(f(x)))(any(f))))));
 
 export const all: L<<T extends P>(f: L<(x: T) => Bool>) => L<(xs: List<T>) => Bool>>
   = _(<T extends P>(f: L<(x: T) => Bool>) =>
-    _((xs: List<T>) => xs(True)(_(x => _(xs => and(f(x))(all(f)(xs)))))));
+    _((xs: List<T>) => xs(True)(_(x => pipe(and(f(x)))(all(f))))));
 
 export const get: L<<T extends P>(i: Num) => L<(xs: List<T>) => T>>
   = _(i => _(xs => xs(undef)(_(x => i(cnst(x))(get)))));
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ export const update: L<<T extends P>(f: L< (p: T) => T>) => L<(i: Num) => L<(xs:
         xs(undef)(_(x => _(xs => i(cons(f(x))(xs))(_(pi => cons(x)(update(f)(pi)(xs))))))))));
 
 export const set: L<<T extends P>(v: T) => L<(i: Num) => L<(xs: List<T>) => List<T>>>>
-  = _(v => update(cnst(v)));
+  = pipe(update)(cnst);
 
 export const intersperse: L<<T extends P>(v: T) => L<(xs: List<T>) => List<T>>>
   = _(v => _(xs => xs(xs)(_(x => _(rxs => rxs(xs)(cnst(cnst(cons(x)(cons(v)(intersperse(v)(rxs)))))))))));
diff --git a/src/num.ts b/src/num.ts
index f753a3f..5201402 100644
--- a/src/num.ts
+++ b/src/num.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { toNative as $$, L, P, _, fromNative as __, ___, cnst, id } from './core';
+import { toNative as $$, L, P, _, fromNative as __, ___, cnst, id, pipe } from './core';
 import { EQ, GT, LT, Ord } from './ord';
 import { Bool, False, True, iif } from './bool';
 import { Empty, String, append, cons } from './string';
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export const pred: L<(n: Num) => Num>
   = _(n => n(Zero)(id));
 
 export const cmp: L<(l: Num) => L<(r: Num) => Ord>>
-  = _(l => _(r => l(r(EQ)(cnst(LT)))(_(pl => r(GT)(cmp(pl))))));
+  = _(l => _(r => l(r(EQ)(cnst(LT)))(pipe(r(GT))(cmp))));
 
 export const lt: L<(l: Num) => L<(r: Num) => Bool>>
   = _(l => _(r => r(False)(l(cnst(True))(lt))));
diff --git a/test/core.spec.ts b/test/core.spec.ts
index 7f3e561..b16b9ec 100644
--- a/test/core.spec.ts
+++ b/test/core.spec.ts
@@ -16,3 +16,9 @@ describe('cnst', () => {
     expect($$(cnst(__('first'))(undef))).toBe('first');
   });
 });
+
+describe('pipe', () => {
+  it.failing('applies both functions in order', () => {
+    expect('Not implemented').toBe('Implemented');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/list.spec.ts b/test/list.spec.ts
index edcb4fe..632dacd 100644
--- a/test/list.spec.ts
+++ b/test/list.spec.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { toNOrd as $o, NOrd } from '../src/ord';
 import { toBoolean as $b, iif } from '../src/bool';
 import { toNumber as $n, toNumber as $nn, Num, Succ, Zero, fromNumber as _n, fromNumber as _nn, cmp as cmpn, eq as eqn, even, gt as ngt, show as nshow, odd, succ, sum } from '../src/num';
 import { toChar as $c } from '../src/char';
-import { toArray as $a, Cons, List, Nil, fromArray as _a, all, any, append, cmp, concat, cons, eq, filter, foldl, foldlz, foldr, foldrz, ge, get, gt, head, intersperse, iterate, le, len, lt, map, nul, set, show, snoc, tail, update } from '../src/list';
+import { toArray as $a, Cons, List, Nil, fromArray as _a, all, any, append, cmp, concat, cons, eq, filter, foldl, foldlz, foldr, foldrz, ge, get, gt, head, intersperse, iterate, le, len, lt, map, nul, set, show, singleton, snoc, tail, update } from '../src/list';
 import { toString as $s } from '../src/string';
 
 describe('List', () => {
@@ -114,6 +114,16 @@ describe('List', () => {
     it('handles infinite lists', () => {
       expect($b(ngt(len(infinite))(Zero))).toEqual(true);
     });
+
+    it('ignores items', () => {
+      expect($n(len(cons(undef)(cons(undef)(Nil))))).toEqual(2);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('singleton', () => {
+    it('singleton 0 is [0]', () => {
+      expect($na(singleton(_n(0)))).toEqual([0]);
+    });
   });
 
   describe('append', () => {